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Aggiungi un elemento… a tavola!
Tutti noi, almeno una volta nella vita, ci siamo ritrovati a consultare o ad osservare una coloratissima tabella piena di simboli e numeri. Sembra assurdo, ma in quella tabella è racchiusa l’essenza dell’Universo intero: come siamo fatti, come è fatto il mondo che ci circonda, l’aria che respiriamo, la materia che costituisce il Sole e la galassia intera. Stiamo parlando della tavola periodica degli elementi, nata ufficialmente il 6 marzo 1869 per opera del chimico russo Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeleev. Ma come fece Mendeleev ad ordinare in modo preciso e sistemico gli elementi scoperti fino a quel momento? Il lavoro di Mendeleev, in realtà fu secondo solo a quelli di Lavoiser ed altri colleghi per i quali fu evidente l’introduzione di una notazione simbolica che permettesse di scrivere gli elementi in maniera universale e unica. Fu proprio Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier che per primo decise di pubblicare una lista di elementi (33 in tutto) scoperti fino a quel momento; tuttavia la lista era incompleta e comprendeva circa un quinto degli elementi ad oggi noti, ma il suo creatore non ebbe modo di completarla in quanto fu decapitato cinque anni dopo. Dopo Lavoisier altri chimici decisero di arricchire la sua lista, prestando particolare attenzione alle caratteristiche peculiari dei diversi elementi e giungendo alla conclusione che ciascuno di essi fosse un agglomerato di minuscole particelle, gli atomi. Oggi, infatti, sappiamo che gli elementi sono ordinati (anche) in base al loro peso atomico! Tuttavia, le scoperte di nuovi elementi aumentarono e l’idea di dover creare una tavola universalmente valida e ordinata divenne una vera e propria ossessione per Mendeleev; la definì “periodica”, come la conosciamo oggi, perché ebbe l’intuizione di considerare sia le caratteristiche dei singoli elementi sia le loro relazioni. Inoltre, decise di lasciare delle caselle vuote da riempire successivamente con nuovi elementi, ma ciò non fu ben visto dalla critica del tempo. Oggi il lavoro di Mendeleev non si può definire del tutto completo, in quanto sono in atto ricerche per sviluppare nuovi elementi, ma con molta probabilità il suo è stato un lavoro encomiabile e di inestimabile valore.
Nei suoi 151 anni di esistenza la tavola periodica degli elementi si è rivelata essenziale per il lavoro di tanti ed è entrata a far parte delle nostre vite da studenti e non. Quello che racchiude nelle sue caselle, che racconta con i suoi numeri, simboli e colori è stato ed è alla base della ricerca scientifica e lo sarà per sempre.
Antonella Cardacino
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