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Skeleton flower e i “segni particolari” nei due Regni
Diversi animali e piante, in natura, sono dotati di un’elegante capacità di alterare il colore dei propri strati esterni superficiali.
Gli organismi utilizzano la loro capacità di cambiare colore per camuffarsi, accoppiarsi, avvertirsi, manifestarsi o comunicare. Per esempio, i cefalopodi (seppie, polpi, calamari) e i camaleonti possono alterare più o meno rapidamente il colore del derma, attraverso l’assorbimento e la riflessione della luce visibile, per opera di pigmenti contenuti in particolari cellule (cromatofori e iridociti), i quali accumulandosi attorno al nucleo o disperdendosi sul citoscheletro conferiscono la caratteristica intensità di colore tipica dell’animale.
Altri, invece, sono in grado di alterare il colore della loro pelle al variare della quantità di acqua e umidità presente nell’ambiente circostante, come avviene per alcuni membri della famiglia dei coleotteri (per esempio Coptocycla nell’immagine). Questi organismi mostrano una colorazione dorata in ambiente umido, mentre un colore rosso è stato osservato in ambiente secco.
Nel regno vegetale, invece, ne è esempio la Diphylleia grayi, specie appartenente alla Famiglia delle Barberidaceae, nativa del Nord del Giappone e Cina. Presenta ampie foglie peltate (a forma di scudo) e infiorescenze a ombrella composta. Il fiore nel suo stato “asciutto” è di colore bianco ma in presenza di umidità e a diretto contatto con l’acqua, i sei petali perdono la pigmentazione bianca, diventando trasparenti, simili a un cristallo. È proprio per questa peculiarità che il fiore è noto anche come “skeleton flower”, il fiore scheletro.
L’attitudine a cambiare colore è definita effetto idrocromico, cioè la capacità reversibile di un sistema di mutare colore al variare del livello di umidità esterno, e dipende dalla diffusione della luce (fenomeno noto come scattering).
L’effetto idrocromico, rilevato nei due regni, viene oggigiorno ampiamente studiato e preso come modello per lo sviluppo di tecnologie sostenibili e sistemi biomimetici. Grazie all’ispirazione data dalla capacità di cambiare colore della Diphylleia grayi, è stata sviluppata una pellicola adesiva idrocromica intelligente che cambia dinamicamente e drasticamente il suo colore per adsorbimento/desorbimento di una piccola quantità di acqua o altri solventi, diventando rispettivamente trasparente o bianca. Può essere utilizzata per varie applicazioni in ambienti di mimetizzazione, per finestre intelligenti cangianti al contatto con l’acqua e ombrelli che diventano trasparenti nei giorni di pioggia.
Sempre più spesso piante e animali vengono presi in considerazione per le loro uniche peculiarità, al fine di sviluppare materiali innovativi e attrezzature all’avanguardia che possano semplificare e migliorare la vita dell’uomo; l’esempio più eclatante è dato dalle visionarie invenzioni di Leonardo da Vinci, che tramite studi sui volatili, sviluppò l’ornitottero (la macchina volante).
1. Diphylleia Grayi Inspired Stretchable Hydrochromics with Large Optical Modulation in Visible-Near Infrared Region (Yoo et al. 2020)
2. Diphylleia grayi -Inspired Intelligent Hydrochromic Adhesive Film (Cai et al. 2018)
Noemi Villanova
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